John W. Norman, Jr. | Alton N. Sparks, Jr. |
The Texas A&M University System | |
This publication is to be used with B-1210, "Managing of Cotton Insects in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, 1997-1998." Texas Agricultural Extension Service - Zerle L. Carpenter, Director - The Texas A&M University System - College
Station, Texas
Policy Statement for Making Pest Management Suggestions
Endangered Species Regulations
Table 1. Insecticide suggestion table.
Table 2. Registered Bacillus thuringiensis products and rates
Table 3. Converting pounds active ingredient per gallon to
acres per gallon.
Table 4. Converting percent active ingredient to formulated
insecticide per acre.
A committee of state and federal research scientists
and Extension specialists meets annually to review cotton pest
management research and management guidelines. Guidelines are
revised at this meeting to reflect the latest proven techniques
for maximizing profits for the Texas cotton producer by optimizing
inputs and production.
The proper management of cotton pests is dependent
upon the use of pest management principles. Pest management does
not rely solely on insecticides. Therefore, the USER of this insert
is strongly encouraged to refer to B-1210 for discussion of pest
biology, scouting techniques, economic thresholds, insecticide
resistance management, conservation of existing natural control
agents, overall crop management practices which do not promote
pest problems, ovicide use, microbial insecticide use, and guidelines
for protecting bees from insecticides. If the insecticide recommendations
in this insert are followed without regard to the other management
techniques listed in B-1210, there is a risk of misusing insecticides,
resulting in adverse economic and environmental consequences.
This is not a complete listing of all products or
their uses registered for cotton. The insecticides and their suggested
use patterns included in this publication reflect a consensus
of opinion of Extension entomologists based on field tests. The
data from these field tests met the minimum requirements as outlined
in the Guidlines for the Annual Entomology Research Review and
Extension Guide Revision Conference. Products listed must conform
to our performance standards and avoid undue environmental consequences.
Suggested insecticide use rates have exhibited sufficient
efficacy in tests to be effective in providing adequate control
in field situations. However, it is impossible to eliminate all
risks. Conditions or circumstances which are unforeseen or unexpected
may result in less than satisfactory results. The Texas Agricultural
Extension Service will not assume responsibility for such risks.
Such responsibility shall be assumed by the user of this publication.
Suggested pesticides must be registered and labeled
for use by the Environmental Protection Agency and the Texas Department
of Agriculture. The status of pesticide label clearances is subject
to change and may have changed since this publication was printed.
County Extension agents and specialists are advised of changes
as they occur.
The USER is always responsible for the effects of
pesticide residues on his livestock and crops as well as problems
that could arise from drift or movement of the pesticide. Always
read and follow carefully the instructions on the container label.
Pay particular attention to those practices which insure worker
safety.
For additional information, contact your county Extension
staff or write the Extension Entomologist, Entomology Department,
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; or call (409)
845-7026.
The Endangered Species Act is designed to protect
and to assist in the recovery of animals and plants that are in
danger of becoming extinct. In response to the Endangered Species
Act, many pesticide labels now carry restrictions limiting the
use of products or application methods in designated biologically
sensitive areas. These restrictions are subject to change. Refer
to the Environmental Hazards or Endangered Species discussion
sections of product labels and/or call your local county Extension
agent or Fish and Wildlife Service personnel to determine what
restrictions apply to your area. Regardless of the law, pesticide
users can be good neighbors by being aware of how their actions
may affect people and the natural environment.
The Worker Protection Standard (WPS) is a set of
new federal regulations that applies to all pesticides used in
agricultural plant production. If you employ any person to produce
a plant or plant product for sale and apply any type of pesticide
to that crop, WPS applies to you. Beginning January 1, 1995, you
must comply with all WPS regulations. The WPS requires you to
protect your employees from pesticide exposure. It requires you
to provide three basic types of protection to your employees:
you must inform employees about exposure, protect employees from
exposure, and mitigate pesticide exposures that employees might
receive. After 1995 all agricultural pesticides will bear a Worker
Protection Standard statement on the label. It will appear in
the "DIRECTIONS FOR USE" part of the label. For more
detailed information consult EPA publication 735-B-93-001 (GPO
#055-000-0442-1) The Worker Protection Standard for Agricultural
Pesticides -- How to Comply: What Employers Need to Know, or call
Texas Department of Agriculture, Pesticide Worker Protection Program,
(512) 463-7717.
Table 1. Insecticide suggestion table.
Table of Contents
Management of Cotton Pests
Policy Statement for Making Insecticide Use Recommendations
Endangered Species Regulations
Worker Protection Standard
*Refer to federal label for specific field re-entry instructions.
**Re-entry interval is 72 hours in areas where the average annual rainfall is less than 25 inches.
*** The synthetic pyrethroid insecticides (examples
include fenvalerate, bifenthrin, esfenvalerate, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin,
permethrin, tralomethrin, flucythrinate and cypermethrin) recommended
for control of bollworms and/or tobacco budworms also will provide
boll weevil control. However, application intervals similar to
those recommended for the traditional phosphate insecticides (3
to 5 days under heavy pressure) are necessary to provide adequate
control. When treatments are to be made for a bollworm or budworm-boll
weevil complex, a suggested treatment regime is to use a pyrethroid
followed 3 to 5 days later by a phosphate boll weevil insecticide.
Since pyrethroids are not more effective than phosphates
for boll weevil control, but are more effective for bollworm-budworm
control, they should be saved for bollworm-budworm management.
We do not recommend using pyrethroids for boll weevil
control alone or for early season pests because increased use
may enhance the opportunity for insects to develop resistance
to pyrethroids.
Bifenthrin suppresses spider mites when used for
control of bollworms and tobacco budworms.
The use of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides may
increase cotton aphid numbers.
+ A wide variety of product combinations suppress whiteflies. These combinations generally include a pyrethroid combined with an organophosphate or endosulfan. The products listed have provided superior control of SLWF in efficacy studies conducted in the Lower Rio Grande Valley.
++Efficacy studies have shown that the combination with Orthene® is necessary for Danitol®, whereas performance of Capture® is sometimes satisfactory on its own.
^^ Difficulty in controlling cotton aphids has been encountered in some areas
of Texas. Poor or erratic control can be expected in the High
Plains, Trans Pecos, Rolling Plains and Wintergarden areas. Resistance
exists to most registered materials and continued excessive use
of certain insecticides is apt to expand the resistance problem.
Where resistance exists in an area, the initial insecticide application
should be made at the higher labeled rate. Poorest control has
occurred during periods of rapid population growth. Contact the
county Extension agent in your area for the latest information
on aphid control.
1 C=carbamate; OP=organophosphate; SP=synthetic pyrethroid; CD=cyclodiene; CH=chloronated hydrocarbon; T=triazapentadiene; IGR=insect growth regulator.
2 Refer to Tables 2&3 for converting pounds active ingredient per gallon to acres per gallon.
3 C=Caution; W=Warning; D=Danger
4 Time after application before re-entering fields without protective clothing. The wearing of protective clothing as described on the label may shorten the re-entry interval. In general, no insecticide label will have the statement "allow spray to dry" or "allow dust to settle" as a re-entry interval. However, there may be limited instances where EPA could grant a shorter re-entry interval than the minimum of 12 hours following application. Re-entry intervals are determined by the product's federal label or by Texas Department of Agriculture regulations and are subject to change.
5 H=highly toxic; M=moderately toxic; R=relatively non-toxic
Table 2. Registered Bacillus thuringiensis products and labeled rates for controlling bollworm and tobacco budworm.
| Product | Rate per acre (formulated material) |
|---|---|
| Biocot XL | 0.33-2.33 pts |
| Biocot XLP | 0.5-3.5 pts |
| Condor | 0.5-1.67 qts |
| Dipel 2X | 0.5-2.0 lbs |
| Dipel ES | 1.0-2.5 pts |
| Dipel ES-NT | 1.0-2.5 pts |
| Design | 1.0-2.0 lbs |
| Javelin | 0.25-1.5 lbs |
| MVP II | 2.0-4.0 pts |
Table 3. Converting pounds active ingredient per gallon to acres per gallon.
| Pounds active ingredient per gallon | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pounds active ingredient needed per acre | 0.15 | 0.30 | 0.66 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 1.80 | 2.00 | 2.40 | 2.50 | 2.67 | 3.00 | 3.20 | 4.00 | 6.00 | 6.55 | 7.50 | 8.00 | 9.33 |
| Acres per gallon* | ||||||||||||||||||
| 0.01 | 15.0 | 30.0 | 66.0 | 90.0 | 100.0 | 180.0 | 200.0 | 240.0 | 250.0 | 267.0 | 300.0 | 320.0 | 400.0 | 600.0 | 655.0 | 750.0 | 800.0 | 933.0 |
| 0.015 | 10.0 | 20.0 | 44.0 | 60.0 | 66.7 | 120.0 | 133.3 | 160.0 | 166.7 | 178.0 | 200.0 | 213.3 | 266.7 | 400.0 | 436.7 | 500.0 | 533.3 | 622.0 |
| 0.019 | 7.9 | 15.8 | 34.7 | 47.4 | 52.6 | 94.7 | 105.3 | 126.3 | 131.6 | 140.5 | 157.9 | 168.4 | 210.5 | 315.8 | 344.7 | 394.7 | 421.1 | 491.1 |
| 0.02 | 7.5 | 15.0 | 33.0 | 45.0 | 50.0 | 90.0 | 100.0 | 120.0 | 125.0 | 133.5 | 150.0 | 160.0 | 200.0 | 300.0 | 327.5 | 375.0 | 400.0 | 466.5 |
| 0.025 | 6.0 | 12.0 | 26.4 | 36.0 | 40.0 | 72.0 | 80.0 | 96.0 | 100.0 | 106.8 | 120.0 | 128.0 | 160.0 | 240.0 | 262.0 | 300.0 | 320.0 | 373.2 |
| 0.03 | 5.0 | 10.0 | 22.0 | 30.0 | 33.3 | 60.0 | 66.7 | 80.0 | 83.3 | 89.0 | 100.0 | 106.7 | 133.3 | 200.0 | 218.3 | 250.0 | 266.7 | 311.0 |
| 0.04 | 3.8 | 7.5 | 16.5 | 22.2 | 25.0 | 45.0 | 50.0 | 60.0 | 62.5 | 66.8 | 75.0 | 80.0 | 100.0 | 150.0 | 163.8 | 187.5 | 200.0 | 233.3 |
| 0.05 | 3.0 | 6.0 | 13.2 | 18.0 | 20.0 | 36.0 | 40.0 | 48.0 | 50.0 | 53.4 | 60.0 | 64.0 | 80.0 | 120.0 | 131.0 | 150.0 | 160.0 | 186.6 |
| 0.062 | 2.4 | 4.8 | 10.6 | 14.4 | 16.0 | 28.8 | 32.0 | 38.4 | 40.0 | 42.7 | 48.0 | 51.2 | 64.0 | 96.0 | 104.8 | 120.0 | 128.0 | 149.3 |
| 0.08 | 1.9 | 3.8 | 8.3 | 11.3 | 12.5 | 22.5 | 25.0 | 30.0 | 31.3 | 33.4 | 37.5 | 40.0 | 50.0 | 75.0 | 81.9 | 93.8 | 100.0 | 116.6 |
| 0.1 | 1.5 | 3.0 | 6.6 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 18.0 | 20.0 | 24.0 | 25.0 | 26.7 | 30.0 | 32.0 | 40.0 | 60.0 | 65.5 | 75.0 | 80.0 | 93.3 |
| 0.11 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 6.0 | 8.2 | 9.1 | 16.4 | 18.2 | 21.8 | 22.7 | 24.3 | 27.3 | 29.1 | 36.4 | 54.5 | 59.5 | 68.2 | 72.7 | 84.8 |
| 0.113 | 1.3 | 2.7 | 5.8 | 7.9 | 8.8 | 15.9 | 17.7 | 21.2 | 22.1 | 23.6 | 26.5 | 28.3 | 35.4 | 53.1 | 58.0 | 66.4 | 70.8 | 82.6 |
| 0.125 | 1.2 | 2.4 | 5.3 | 7.2 | 8.0 | 14.4 | 16.0 | 19.2 | 20.0 | 21.4 | 24.0 | 25.6 | 32.0 | 48.0 | 52.4 | 60.0 | 64.0 | 74.6 |
| 0.17 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 3.9 | 5.3 | 5.9 | 10.6 | 11.8 | 14.1 | 14.7 | 15.7 | 17.6 | 18.8 | 23.5 | 35.3 | 38.5 | 44.1 | 47.1 | 54.9 |
| 0.19 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 3.5 | 4.7 | 5.3 | 9.5 | 10.5 | 12.6 | 13.2 | 14.1 | 15.8 | 16.8 | 21.1 | 31.6 | 34.5 | 39.5 | 42.1 | 49.1 |
| 0.2 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 3.3 | 4.5 | 5.0 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 12.0 | 12.5 | 13.4 | 15.0 | 16.0 | 20.0 | 30.0 | 32.8 | 37.5 | 40.0 | 48.7 |
| 0.22 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 3.0 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 8.2 | 9.1 | 10.9 | 11.4 | 12.1 | 13.6 | 14.5 | 18.2 | 27.3 | 29.8 | 34.1 | 36.4 | 42.4 |
| 0.225 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 2.9 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 8.0 | 8.9 | 10.7 | 11.1 | 11.9 | 13.3 | 14.2 | 17.8 | 26.7 | 29.1 | 33.3 | 35.6 | 41.5 |
| 0.25 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 2.6 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 7.2 | 8.0 | 9.6 | 10.0 | 10.7 | 12.0 | 12.8 | 16.0 | 24.0 | 26.2 | 30.0 | 32.0 | 37.3 |
| 0.33 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 5.5 | 6.1 | 7.3 | 7.6 | 8.1 | 9.1 | 9.7 | 12.1 | 18.2 | 19.8 | 22.7 | 24.2 | 28.3 |
| 0.37 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 4.9 | 5.4 | 6.5 | 6.8 | 7.2 | 8.1 | 8.6 | 10.8 | 16.2 | 17.7 | 20.3 | 21.6 | 25.2 |
| 0.375 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 4.8 | 5.3 | 6.4 | 8.7 | 7.1 | 8.0 | 8.5 | 10.7 | 16.0 | 17.5 | 20.0 | 21.3 | 24.9 |
| 0.45 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 5.3 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 6.7 | 7.1 | 8.9 | 13.3 | 14.6 | 16.7 | 17.8 | 20.7 |
| 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 6.4 | 8.0 | 12.0 | 13.1 | 15.0 | 16.0 | 18.7 |
| 0.55 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.9 | 5.5 | 5.8 | 7.3 | 10.9 | 11.9 | 13.6 | 14.5 | 17.0 |
| 0.58 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 6.9 | 10.3 | 11.3 | 12.9 | 13.8 | 16.1 |
| 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 6.7 | 10.0 | 10.9 | 12.5 | 13.3 | 15.6 |
| 0.675 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 5.9 | 8.9 | 9.7 | 11.1 | 11.9 | 13.8 |
| 0.75 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 5.3 | 8.0 | 8.7 | 10.0 | 10.7 | 12.4 |
| 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 7.5 | 8.2 | 9.4 | 10.0 | 11.7 |
| 0.88 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 4.5 | 6.8 | 7.4 | 8.5 | 9.1 | 10.6 |
| 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 4.4 | 6.7 | 7.3 | 8.3 | 8.9 | 10.4 |
| 1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 4.0 | 6.0 | 6.6 | 7.5 | 8.0 | 9.3 |
| 1.17 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 5.1 | 5.8 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 8.0 |
| 1.25 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 4.8 | 5.2 | 6.0 | 6.4 | 7.5 |
| 1.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.7 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 6.2 |
| 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 5.8 |
| 2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.7 |
*See Table 1 for specific rates of insecticides for each insect
or mite pest.
Table 4. Converting percent active ingredient of dry insecticides to formulated insecticide per acre.
| Percent active ingredient | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pounds active ingredient needed per acre | 5 | 15 | 20 | 50 | 80 | 90 |
| Pounds formulation per acre* | ||||||
| 0.09 | 1.80 | 0.60 | 0.45 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.10 |
| 0.188 | 3.76 | 1.25 | 0.04 | 0.38 | 0.24 | 0.21 |
| 0.25 | 5.00 | 1.67 | 1.25 | 0.50 | 0.31 | 0.28 |
| 0.3 | 6.00 | 2.00 | 1.50 | 0.60 | 0.38 | 0.33 |
| 0.45 | 9.00 | 3.00 | 2.25 | 0.90 | 0.56 | 0.50 |
| 0.5 | 10.00 | 3.33 | 2.50 | 1.00 | 0.63 | 0.56 |
| 0.6 | 12.00 | 4.00 | 3.00 | 1.20 | 0.75 | 0.67 |
| 0.75 | 15.00 | 5.00 | 3.75 | 1.50 | 0.94 | 0.83 |
| 1.0 | 20.00 | 6.67 | 5.00 | 2.00 | 1.25 | 1.11 |
| 1.25 | 25.00 | 8.33 | 6.25 | 2.50 | 1.56 | 1.39 |
| 1.33 | 26.60 | 8.87 | 6.65 | 2.66 | 1.66 | 1.48 |
| 1.5 | 30.00 | 10.00 | 7.50 | 3.00 | 1.88 | 1.67 |
| 1.6 | 32.00 | 10.67 | 8.00 | 3.20 | 2.00 | 1.78 |
| 2.0 | 40.00 | 13.33 | 10.00 | 4.00 | 2.50 | 2.22 |
| 2.4 | 48.00 | 16.00 | 12.00 | 4.80 | 3.00 | 2.67 |
*See Table 1 for specific rates of insecticides for each insect
or mite pest.
The information given herein is for educational purposes only. Reference to commercial products or trade names is made with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the Cooperative Extension Service is implied.
Educational programs conducted by the Texas Agricultural Extension Service are open to all people without regard to race, color, sex, disability, religion, age or national origin.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics, Acts of Congress of May 8, 1914, as amended, and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture. Zerle L. Carpenter, Director,Texas Agricultural Extension Service, The Texas A&M University System.
1M-2-97, Revision
ENT, AGR 2
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