Extension entomologists, and Extension agents-IPM
The Texas A&M University System
This publication to be used with B-1209, "Managing Cotton Insects in the Southern, Eastern and Blackland Areas of Texas, 1997-1998."
A committee of state and federal research scientists
and Extension specialists meets annually to review cotton pest
management research and management guidelines. Guidelines are
revised at this meeting to reflect the latest proven techniques
for maximizing profits for the Texas cotton producer by optimizing
inputs and production.
Policy Statement for Making Pest Management Suggestions
Endangered Species Regulations
Table 1. Insecticide suggestion table.
Table 2. Registered Bacillus thuringiensis products and rates
Table 3. A listing of registered insecticides labeled for use in chemigation systems
Table 4. Converting pounds active ingredient per gallon to acres per gallon.
Table 5. Converting percent active ingredient to formulated insecticide per acre.
The proper management of cotton pests is dependent
upon the use of pest management principles. Pest management does
not rely solely on insecticides. Therefore, the USER of this insert
is strongly encouraged to refer to B-1209 for discussion of pest
biology, scouting techniques, economic thresholds, insecticide
resistance management, conservation of existing natural control
agents, overall crop management practices which do not promote
pest problems, ovicide use, microbial insecticide use, and guidelines
for protecting bees from insecticides. If the insecticide recommendations
in this insert are followed without regard to the other management
techniques listed in B-1209, there is a risk of misusing insecticides,
resulting in adverse economic and environmental consequences.
This is not a complete listing of all products registered
for cotton or their uses. The insecticides and their suggested
use patterns included in this publication reflect a consensus
of opinion of Extension entomologists based on field tests. The
data from these field tests met the minimum requirements as outlined
in the Guidelines for the Annual Entomology Research Review and
Extension Guide Revision Conference. Products listed must conform
to our performance standards and avoid undue environmental consequences.
Suggested insecticide use rates have exhibited sufficient
efficacy in tests to be effective in providing adequate control
in field situations. However, it is impossible to eliminate all
risks. Conditions or circumstances which are unforeseen or unexpected
may result in less than satisfactory results. The Texas Agricultural
Extension Service will not assume responsibility for such risks.
Such responsibility shall be assumed by the user of this publication.
Suggested pesticides must be registered and labeled
for use by the Environmental Protection Agency and the Texas Department
of Agriculture. The status of pesticide label clearances is subject
to change and may have changed since this publication was printed.
County Extension agents and specialists are advised of changes
as they occur.
The USER is always responsible for the effects of pesticide residues on his livestock and crops as well as problems that could arise from drift or movement of the pesticide. Always read and follow carefully the instructions on the container label. Pay particular attention to those practices which insure worker safety.
For additional information, contact your county Extension staff or write the Extension Entomologist, Entomology Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; or call (409) 845-7026.
The Endangered Species Act is designed to protect
and to assist in the recovery of animals and plants that are in
danger of becoming extinct. In response to the Endangered Species
Act, many pesticide labels now carry restrictions limiting the
use of products or application methods in designated biologically
sensitive areas. These restrictions are subject to change. Refer
to the Environmental Hazards or Endangered Species discussion
sections of product labels and/or call your local county Extension
agent or Fish and Wildlife Service personnel to determine what
restrictions apply to your area. Regardless of the law, pesticide
users can be good neighbors by being aware of how their actions
may affect people and the natural environment.
The Worker Protection Standard (WPS) is a set of
new federal regulations that applies to all pesticides used in
agricultural plant production. If you employ any person to produce
a plant or plant product for sale and apply any type of pesticide
to that crop, WPS applies to you. Beginning January 1, 1995, you
must comply with all WPS regulations. The WPS requires you to
protect your employees from pesticide exposure. It requires you
to provide three basic types of protection to your employees:
you must inform employees about exposure, protect employees from
exposure, and mitigate pesticide exposures that employees might
receive. After 1995 all agricultural pesticides will bear a Worker
Protection Standard statement on the label. It will appear in
the "DIRECTIONS FOR USE" part of the label. For more
detailed information, consult EPA publication 735-B-93-001 (GPO
#055-000-0442-1) The Worker Protection Standard for Agricultural
Pesticides -- How to Comply: What Employers Need to Know, or call
Texas Department of Agriculture, Pesticide Worker Protection program,
(512) 463-7717).
Table 1. Insecticide suggestion table.
*Refer to federal label for specific field re-entry instructions.
**These products are applied to the seed or to the soil and pose no hazard to honey bees.
***Re-entry interval is 72 hours in areas where the average annual rainfall is less than 25 inches.
****The synthetic pyrethroid insecticides (examples include fenvalerate,
bifenthrin, esfenvalerate, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, permethrin,
tralomethrin and cypermethrin) recommended for control of bollworms
and/or tobacco budworms also will provide boll weevil control.
However, application intervals similar to those recommended for
the traditional phosphate insecticides (3 to 5 days under heavy
pressure) are necessary to provide adequate control. When treatments
are to be made for a bollworm or budworm-boll weevil complex,
a suggested treatment regime is to use a pyrethroid followed 3
to 5 days later by a phosphate boll weevil insecticide.
Since pyrethroids are not more effective than phosphates for
boll weevil control, but are more effective for bollworm-budworm
control, they should be saved for bollworm-budworm management.
We do not recommend using pyrethroids for boll weevil control
alone or for early-season pests because increased use may enhance
the opportunity for insects to develop resistance to pyrethroids.
Bifenthrin suppresses spider mites when used for control of
bollworms and tobacco budworms.
The use of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides may increase cotton
aphid numbers.
^ 16 oz. rate restricted to fall diapause applications.
^^Difficulty in controlling cotton aphids has been encountered in some areas of Texas. Poor or erratic control can be expected in the High Plains, Trans Pecos, Rolling Plains and Wintergarden areas. Resistance exists to most registered materials and continued excessive use of certain insecticides is apt to expand the resistance problem. Where resistance exists in an area, the initialapplication should be made at the higher labeled rate. Poorest control has occcurred during periods of rapid population growth. Contact the county Extension agent in your area for the latest information on aphid control.
1 C=carbamate; OP=organophosphate; SP=synthetic pyrethroid; CD=cyclodiene; CH=chlorinated hydrocarbon; T=triazapentadiene; IGR=insect growth regulator.
2 Refer to Table 2 for converting pounds active ingredient per gallon to acres per gallon.
3 C=Caution; W=Warning; D=Danger
4 Time after application before re-entering fields without protective
clothing. The wearing of protective clothing as described on the
label may shorten the re-entry interval. In general, no insecticide
label will have the statement "allow spray to dry" or
"allow dust to settle" as a re-entry interval. However,
there may be limited instances where EPA could grant a shorter
re-entry interval than the minimum of 12 hours following application.
Re-entry intervals are determined by the product's federal label
or by Texas Department of Agriculture regulations and are subject
to change.
5 H=highly toxic; M=moderately toxic; R=relatively non-toxic
| Pounds active ingredient per gallon | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pounds active ingredient needed per acre | 0.15 | 0.30 | 0.66 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 1.80 | 2.00 | 2.40 | 2.50 | 2.67 | 3.00 | 3.20 | 4.00 | 6.00 | 6.55 | 7.50 | 8.00 | 9.33 |
| Acres per gallon* | ||||||||||||||||||
| 0.01 | 15.0 | 30.0 | 66.0 | 90.0 | 100.0 | 180.0 | 200.0 | 240.0 | 250.0 | 267.0 | 300.0 | 320.0 | 400.0 | 600.0 | 655.0 | 750.0 | 800.0 | 933.0 |
| 0.015 | 10.0 | 20.0 | 44.0 | 60.0 | 66.7 | 120.0 | 133.3 | 160.0 | 166.7 | 178.0 | 200.0 | 213.3 | 266.7 | 400.0 | 436.7 | 500.0 | 533.3 | 622.0 |
| 0.019 | 7.9 | 15.8 | 34.7 | 47.4 | 52.6 | 94.7 | 105.3 | 126.3 | 131.6 | 140.5 | 157.9 | 168.4 | 210.5 | 315.8 | 344.7 | 394.7 | 421.1 | 491.1 |
| 0.02 | 7.5 | 15.0 | 33.0 | 45.0 | 50.0 | 90.0 | 100.0 | 120.0 | 125.0 | 133.5 | 150.0 | 160.0 | 200.0 | 300.0 | 327.5 | 375.0 | 400.0 | 466.5 |
| 0.025 | 6.0 | 12.0 | 26.4 | 36.0 | 40.0 | 72.0 | 80.0 | 96.0 | 100.0 | 106.8 | 120.0 | 128.0 | 160.0 | 240.0 | 262.0 | 300.0 | 320.0 | 373.2 |
| 0.03 | 5.0 | 10.0 | 22.0 | 30.0 | 33.3 | 60.0 | 66.7 | 80.0 | 83.3 | 89.0 | 100.0 | 106.7 | 133.3 | 200.0 | 218.3 | 250.0 | 266.7 | 311.0 |
| 0.04 | 3.8 | 7.5 | 16.5 | 22.2 | 25.0 | 45.0 | 50.0 | 60.0 | 62.5 | 66.8 | 75.0 | 80.0 | 100.0 | 150.0 | 163.8 | 187.5 | 200.0 | 233.3 |
| 0.05 | 3.0 | 6.0 | 13.2 | 18.0 | 20.0 | 36.0 | 40.0 | 48.0 | 50.0 | 53.4 | 60.0 | 64.0 | 80.0 | 120.0 | 131.0 | 150.0 | 160.0 | 186.6 |
| 0.062 | 2.4 | 4.8 | 10.6 | 14.4 | 16.0 | 28.8 | 32.0 | 38.4 | 40.0 | 42.7 | 48.0 | 51.2 | 64.0 | 96.0 | 104.8 | 120.0 | 128.0 | 149.3 |
| 0.08 | 1.9 | 3.8 | 8.3 | 11.3 | 12.5 | 22.5 | 25.0 | 30.0 | 31.3 | 33.4 | 37.5 | 40.0 | 50.0 | 75.0 | 81.9 | 93.8 | 100.0 | 116.6 |
| 0.1 | 1.5 | 3.0 | 6.6 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 18.0 | 20.0 | 4.0 | 25.0 | 26.7 | 30.0 | 32.0 | 40.0 | 60.0 | 65.5 | 75.0 | 80.0 | 93.3 |
| 0.11 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 6.0 | 8.2 | 9.1 | 16.4 | 18.2 | 21.8 | 22.7 | 24.3 | 27.3 | 29.1 | 36.4 | 54.5 | 59.5 | 68.2 | 72.7 | 84.8 |
| 0.113 | 1.3 | 2.7 | 5.8 | 7.9 | 8.8 | 15.9 | 17.7 | 21.2 | 22.1 | 23.6 | 26.5 | 28.3 | 35.4 | 53.1 | 58.0 | 66.4 | 70.8 | 82.6 |
| 0.125 | 1.2 | 2.4 | 5.3 | 7.2 | 8.0 | 14.4 | 16.0 | 19.2 | 20.0 | 21.4 | 24.0 | 25.6 | 32.0 | 48.0 | 52.4 | 60.0 | 64.0 | 74.6 |
| 0.17 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 3.9 | 5.3 | 5.9 | 10.6 | 11.8 | 14.1 | 14.7 | 15.7 | 17.6 | 18.8 | 23.5 | 35.3 | 38.5 | 44.1 | 47.1 | 54.9 |
| 0.19 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 3.5 | 4.7 | 5.3 | 9.5 | 10.5 | 12.6 | 13.2 | 14.1 | 15.8 | 16.8 | 21.1 | 31.6 | 34.5 | 39.5 | 42.1 | 49.1 |
| 0.2 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 3.3 | 4.5 | 5.0 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 12.0 | 12.5 | 13.4 | 15.0 | 16.0 | 20.0 | 30.0 | 32.8 | 37.5 | 40.0 | 48.7 |
| 0.22 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 3.0 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 8.2 | 9.1 | 10.9 | 11.4 | 12.1 | 13.6 | 14.5 | 18.2 | 27.3 | 29.8 | 34.1 | 36.4 | 42.4 |
| 0.225 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 2.9 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 8.0 | 8.9 | 10.7 | 11.1 | 11.9 | 13.3 | 14.2 | 17.8 | 26.7 | 29.1 | 33.3 | 35.6 | 41.5 |
| 0.25 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 2.6 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 7.2 | 8.0 | 9.6 | 10.0 | 10.7 | 12.0 | 12.8 | 16.0 | 24.0 | 26.2 | 30.0 | 32.0 | 37.3 |
| 0.33 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 5.5 | 6.1 | 7.3 | 7.6 | 8.1 | 9.1 | 9.7 | 12.1 | 18.2 | 19.8 | 22.7 | 24.2 | 28.3 |
| 0.37 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 4.9 | 5.4 | 6.5 | 6.8 | 7.2 | 8.1 | 8.6 | 10.8 | 16.2 | 17.7 | 20.3 | 21.6 | 25.2 |
| 0.375 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 4.8 | 5.3 | 6.4 | 8.7 | 7.1 | 8.0 | 8.5 | 10.7 | 16.0 | 17.5 | 20.0 | 21.3 | 24.9 |
| 0.45 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 5.3 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 6.7 | 7.1 | 8.9 | 13.3 | 14.6 | 16.7 | 17.8 | 20.7 |
| 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 6.4 | 8.0 | 12.0 | 13.1 | 15.0 | 16.0 | 18.7 |
| 0.55 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.9 | 5.5 | 5.8 | 7.3 | 10.9 | 11.9 | 13.6 | 14.5 | 17.0 |
| 0.58 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 6.9 | 10.3 | 11.3 | 12.9 | 13.8 | 16.1 |
| 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 6.7 | 10.0 | 10.9 | 12.5 | 13.3 | 15.6 |
| 0.675 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 5.9 | 8.9 | 9.7 | 11.1 | 11.9 | 13.8 |
| 0.75 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 5.3 | 8.0 | 8.7 | 10.0 | 10.7 | 12.4 |
| 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 7.5 | 8.2 | 9.4 | 10.0 | 11.7 |
| 0.88 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 4.5 | 6.8 | 7.4 | 8.5 | 9.1 | 10.6 |
| 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 4.4 | 6.7 | 7.3 | 8.3 | 8.9 | 10.4 |
| 1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 4.0 | 6.0 | 6.6 | 7.5 | 8.0 | 9.3 |
| 1.17 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 5.1 | 5.8 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 8.0 |
| 1.25 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 4.8 | 5.2 | 6.0 | 6.4 | 7.5 |
| 1.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.7 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 6.2 |
| 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 5.8 |
| 2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.7 |
Table 5. Converting percent active ingredient of dry insecticides to formulated insecticide per acre.
| Percent active ingredient | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pounds active ingredient needed per acre | 5 | 15 | 20 | 50 | 80 | 90 |
| Pounds formulation per acre* | ||||||
| 0.09 | 1.80 | 0.60 | 0.45 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.10 |
| 0.188 | 3.76 | 1.25 | 0.04 | 0.38 | 0.24 | 0.21 |
| 0.25 | 5.00 | 1.67 | 1.25 | 0.50 | 0.31 | 0.28 |
| 0.3 | 6.00 | 2.00 | 1.50 | 0.60 | 0.38 | 0.33 |
| 0.45 | 9.00 | 3.00 | 2.25 | 0.90 | 0.56 | 0.50 |
| 0.5 | 10.00 | 3.33 | 2.50 | 1.00 | 0.63 | 0.56 |
| 0.6 | 12.00 | 4.00 | 3.00 | 1.20 | 0.75 | 0.67 |
| 0.75 | 15.00 | 5.00 | 3.75 | 1.50 | 0.94 | 0.83 |
| 1.0 | 20.00 | 6.67 | 5.00 | 2.00 | 1.25 | 1.11 |
| 1.25 | 25.00 | 8.33 | 6.25 | 2.50 | 1.56 | 1.39 |
| 1.33 | 26.60 | 8.87 | 6.65 | 2.66 | 1.66 | 1.48 |
| 1.5 | 30.00 | 10.00 | 7.50 | 3.00 | 1.88 | 1.67 |
| 1.6 | 32.00 | 10.67 | 8.00 | 3.20 | 2.00 | 1.78 |
| 2.0 | 40.00 | 13.33 | 10.00 | 4.00 | 2.50 | 2.22 |
| 2.4 | 48.00 | 16.00 | 12.00 | 4.80 | 3.00 | 2.67 |
| *See Table 1 for specific rates of insecticides for each insect or mite pest. | ||||||
The information given herein is for educational purposes only. Reference to commercial products or trade names is made with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the Cooperative Extension Service is implied.
Educational programs conducted by the Texas Agricultural Extension Service are open to all people without regard to race, color, sex, disability, religion, age or national origin.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics, Acts of Congress of May 8, 1914, as amended, and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture. Zerle L. Carpenter, Director, Texas Agricultural Extension Service, The Texas A&M University System.
3M-4-97, Revision
ENT, AGR 2
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Return to Extension EntomologyReturn to Department Home Page Last modified: August 29, 1997 by Rudolf Bendixen